Meat sear - Few culinary experiences can match the satisfaction of savoring a perfectly cooked pan seared steak. The combination of a caramelized crust and a juicy, tender interior makes for a...

 
Beef tenderloin has low-fat content, so a reverse sear gives the meat incredible flavor. Reverse sear is a method of smoking beef tenderloin to allow the meat to take on a nice cherry wood flavor as it slowly smokes. Then the tenderloin is seared over the fire while basted with an herb brush drenched in garlic butter. The …. Petco dollar per gallon sale

13 Jul 2020 ... Searing, or cooking meat at a high and dry temperature, forces a chemical reaction (the Maillard reaction). The moisture on the meat surface ...Season beef with salt and pepper. In a stock pot over medium-high heat, add 1 tablespoon of olive oil. Once heated, add cubed stew meat. Sear on all sides. If needed, sear meat in two batches - do not overcrowd the pan. Remove beef and set aside. Reduce heat to medium. Add 1 tablespoon of olive oil to stock pot.Generously season your beef with salt and let it sit at room temperature (30 minutes for steaks, 1 - 2 hours for roasts) before cooking. This will ensure the beef cooks evenly and remains juicy, tender and flavorful. Pan-Searing. Heat your skillet in a 400ºF preheated oven for 20 minutes. Add some vegetable oil, then place your skillet back in ...Nov 19, 2022 · I bought a sampling of meats, two pieces of different cuts — one of which I would season 24 hours ahead of time, the other just one hour before cooking. (Some recipes call for seasoning 48 or ... Reverse Sear in the Oven. Recreate the same effect inside by cooking seasoned meat on a rack in a 275-degree oven until the internal temp reaches 120, about 45 minutes for a piece that's 2-inches thick. Remove from the oven and let rest for 15 minutes while heating a grill pan or cast iron skillet. Sear in the hot pan 1 minute per side until ...Reverse Sear Steak. Preheat your oven and place a wire cooling rack over a baking sheet. Place the steak over the wire rack and season both sides. Add to the oven and bake for 15 minutes to sear the beef and cook it to a temperature of 90°F. Place your cast-iron skillet in the oven to heat it while the meat sears.Sear the Beef Roast. Once the pan is hot, carefully place the seasoned beef roast in the pan. Allow the roast to sear undisturbed for a few minutes until a golden-brown crust forms on the bottom. Use tongs to flip the roast and sear the other side. Searing the roast on all sides will lock in the juices and create a …Feb 5, 2021 · MEAT MASTERPIECES & MORE – This torch lighter is ideal for searing sous vide steaks, glazing a baked ham and caramelizing ribs. Why stop short when you can also roast bell peppers, caramelize sugars, melt cheese or finish off that sweet dessert you’ve always wanted. Dr. Alfred C. Sears, known as Dr. Al Sears, is a medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation medicine who claims to specialize in and be certified in anti-aging medicine. The fie...Put it this way, investing once in perfectly cooked meat is cheaper than ruining your nice quality steaks! Size matters! Reverse sear only works on thick cut meat. This is an important point – the piece of meat needs to be at least 1.5 inches thick for the reverse sear method to work. It will not work on minute steaks or any thinner cuts of meat.You’ll need to sear the meat well, then roast at 200°C / 400°F for approximately 20 minutes per 500g / 1lb. of meat followed by a 15 minute rest. Again, please use a meat thermometer to check the internal temperature of the roast for best and most accurate results.The other main reason people sear meat in flour is to preemptively thicken the sauce or broth before cooking. While this can be helpful in thickening the texture without having to make a …Bright Idea: Sear by Broiling Instead. In her recipe for slow-cooker Korean short ribs, Michelle Tam makes use of a different kitchen appliance for searing: the broiler! She lines a baking sheet with foil, places a big batch of short ribs on it, and just broils each side for a few minutes until browned. When I made this recipe, I was floored by ...Aug 13, 2019 · Searing gives the meat that amazing savory flavor we all desire, but there are some controversies surrounding the idea of how the magic actually happens. The Searing Myth: Locking In The Juices The idea that searing meat “locks in the juices” has become so widespread that it’s almost a common phrase. 12K. 584K views 1 year ago. Professional chef and culinary instructor Frank Proto returns with another Epicurious 101 class, this time teaching you his foolproof method for … Invest in cast iron grill grates for even hotter grates. Get the cooking surface hot. 450°F or higher. Once you’re preheated, you’re ready to go. Gently lay the meat on the grates. Searing time varies depending on the type and cut of meat but generally, you’ll want to sear for just 3-5 uninterrupted minutes per side. Sear. Oil your pan with canola oil and season your steak to taste. Don’t be shy with the salt. A properly seasoned and seared steak is a thing of beauty! Place your steak on the skillet and be careful of the heat! Sear the steak for two minutes, then flip to sear the opposite side for two more minutes.In a cast iron or other oven-safe skillet, melt 1 tablespoon of butter over medium-high heat. When hot, sear both sides of the filets for 2-3 minutes—sear, flip, sear, and a final flip before going into the oven. Transfer to the preheated oven. Cook to your desired internal temperature minus about 3°-4°.9 Oct 2019 ... Is Sealing in Juices Even Possible? Still, facts are facts, and if you're wondering whether any cooking technique whatsoever can produce a ...Place corned beef brisket, fat side up, into a slow cooker; sprinkle with pickling spice. Place whole cloves throughout the brisket. Add garlic, bay leaves and 2 cups water, or more water as needed to cover the brisket by at least 1 inch. Cover and cook on low heat for 4-5 hours. Add carrots and potatoes to the slow cooker.Are you looking to add a touch of elegance to your dinner table? Look no further than pan-seared snapper recipes. This versatile fish is not only delicious but also packed with ess...Put the beef roast in the air fryer basket, air fry for 5 minutes, and adjust the air fryer to 360°F/180°C. Flip the roast halfway through if your air fryer model requires it and continue cooking the beef for 30 more minutes for medium-rare. Use a meat thermometer to check its doneness, and extend the cooking in 5 …Jan 2, 2023 · Browning, also known as the Maillard reaction or caramelization, is caused when you heat sugars and amino acids together. This reaction occurs in meats heated to temperatures between 300 and 500 degrees F. This reaction is what causes that very flavorful and wonderful crusty surface in meat that gives it that great, grilled flavor. A very large and thick steak is an impressive piece of meat. But also difficult to cook just right, if you do not know how. What you want is a steak that is ...May 15, 2023 · Here, I used baby artichokes, and fried them in both canola oil and extra-virgin olive oil. The frying in this recipe is a two-step process, first at a lower temperature, around 300°F or so, until the hearts are tender, and then at 350°F, right up in olive-oil smoke-point territory, to crisp and brown them. Tasted side-by-side, the Serious ... 5. Sear the meat. | Gently and carefully lay the meat on the pan with a non-plastic tongs. Expect an aggressive sizzling sound when you do this. The sound actually tells you the oil is hot enough and the meat is getting a good initial sear. If the meat has more fat on one side, lay the fattiest side on the pan first (e.g. chicken skin …Take the meat out of the packaging, then use a couple of paper towels to blot out any moisture on the surface. Be sure to get both sides of the meat. Removing the moisture enables you to get a better sear on the steak. Any leftover moisture turns to steam when the steak is heated, preventing it from cooking evenly.The first seared side generally takes ~ 1 minute more. Transfer to oven and cook an additional 7-10 minutes or until internal temperature of deer reaches 145F. Remember - the oven time will need to increase if you are working with a larger tenderloin (s). Let meat rest ~ 15 minutes and thinly slice. Add salt to taste. Letting your food rest allows those muscle fibers to relax again and the juices to run back into the meat, keeping it moist and delicious. Myth #2: Intensely High Heat Is Needed To Sear Steak. The searing process (also known as the Maillard reaction and carmelization) begins at temperatures as low as 300°F, and the effective searing range is ... Apr 5, 2023 · STEP THREE: Add the steaks to the griddle or pan. To create a beautiful crust, press the steaks down with your tongs, so they fully make contact with the surface. STEP FOUR: After about 4 minutes, the steaks should have formed a great sear. Flip the steak and press down again. Continue to cook for 3 minutes. Across the UK and Ireland, the McDonald’s classic will now have a ‘tighter sear’ on the grill that’ll produce ‘hotter and juicier’ beef patties, a change that’s been made to maximise ... The final step in most sous vide recipes is to "finish" off the surface of the protein. This might include making chicken or fish skin crispy or creating the Maillard reaction on a piece of meat to get that dark, crunchy, flavorful crust. This usually entails searing, using one of several methods covered in this guide to searing sous vide foods. Oct 11, 2021 · When a recipe instructs you to sear an ingredient (usually meat), it is referring to the method of quickly pan-frying it on very high heat. To sear refers to the cooking technique of cooking food at very high heat with very little oil in a pan. When you sear meat, for example, the natural sugars on the outside caramelizes and the proteins get ... Use a meat thermometer to ensure that the steak is cooked to your desired doneness. Insert the thermometer into the thickest part of the steak. Let the steak rest for 5-10 minutes before slicing and serving. This will allow the juices to redistribute throughout the meat, resulting in a more tender and juicy steak.Flip the tri-tip. Transfer the pan to the oven and roast until an instant-read thermometer inserted into the thickest part of the tri-tip registers about 125ºF for medium, 20 to 30 minutes. Transfer the tri-tip to a clean cutting board and let rest 10 minutes (tent loosely with aluminum foil if the kitchen is cold).We prefer a 12-inch skillet to anything smaller, especially if you're going to sear more than one steak at a time. A 10-inch pan will work, but the main point here is to not overload a small pan. When you do this, the moisture from the meat can overpower the cooking surface, causing steaks (and anything else) to steam rather than sear.1/4 teaspoon of freshly ground black pepper. 2. Bring the roast to room temperature and preheat the oven. Remove the roast from the refrigerator and let it sit out for 2 hours at room temperature. This will help the roast cook evenly. Preheat the oven to between 200-225 degrees F (95-105 C) while you wait for the meat.3 Jul 2023 ... ... Searing that meat, you're rendering that fat and you're adding a balanced crust to that absolutely perfect medium rare steak. Now, here's my ...Feb 17, 2024 · It is important not to use 14.1-ounce propane tanks or MAP tanks. The Bernzomatic TS8000 torch has a capacity of 14282 BTU/hour and provides 1.5 hours of searing per tank, while the Bernzomatic TS4000 torch has a capacity of 6732 BTU/hour and provides 3.25 hours of searing per tank. Invest in cast iron grill grates for even hotter grates. Get the cooking surface hot. 450°F or higher. Once you’re preheated, you’re ready to go. Gently lay the meat on the grates. Searing time varies depending on the type and cut of meat but generally, you’ll want to sear for just 3-5 uninterrupted minutes per side. Cook the lamb chops for 3-4 minutes without moving so that they can sear on one side, then use the tongs to flip and cook on the other side for another 3-4 minutes. Reduce the heat to low and add the butter, garlic, and fresh herbs to the pan. As the butter melts, spoon it over each of the lamb chops for about 5 minutes.Instructions. Start your water bath with hot water from your tap. Set your sous vide cooker temperature 2 degrees higher than your target meat doneness temp. Add the oil to the bag. Liberally salt and pepper the steak. Insert your thermometer probe until the tip rests in the center of the meat. Place steak in bag.sear: [noun] the catch that holds the hammer of a gun's lock at cock or half cock. Letting your food rest allows those muscle fibers to relax again and the juices to run back into the meat, keeping it moist and delicious. Myth #2: Intensely High Heat Is Needed To Sear Steak. The searing process (also known as the Maillard reaction and carmelization) begins at temperatures as low as 300°F, and the effective searing range is ... 7 Jun 2017 ... For those unfamiliar, the reverse sear is simply when you cook a piece of meat by slowly bringing up its internal temperature to about 15°F – 20 ...Aug 30, 2023 · Searing at this stage results in a clean, hard sear. Within three or four minutes the salt, through the process of osmosis, will begin to draw out liquid from the beef. This liquid beads up on the surface of the meat. Try to sear at this point and you waste valuable heat energy simply evaporating this large amount of pooled liquid. Heat the oil in the baking pan on top of the stove over medium-high heat for one minute. Generously sprinkle salt and pepper over all sides of the roast. Lay the roast in the hot oil, fat side down. Leave the roast untouched for two to three minutes or until the fat begins to melt and the bottom is browned. Turn the roast over with …McGee clarifies that the most important factor in keeping meat moist is temperature and making sure it doesn't get too high. He says around 140 degrees Fahrenheit should be the maximum. Writer J ...Jan 10, 2024 · When searing steak, the Iwatani is a fast performer, clocking in at two minutes and 45 seconds total for the top, bottom, and sides of the meat in my tests. The crust was even, with slightly charred sections throughout, while the interior was juicy with no visible gray band. Jan 10, 2022 · Preheat skillet to medium-high for 5-10 minutes until pan is very hot. Salt both sides of roast generously with salt. Add oil to skillet and swirl to coat pan. Add roast and let sit undisturbed for about 3 minutes or until golden brown. Flip to the other side for another 3 minutes or until golden brown. Last year's harvest was slightly higher than the average of the last five years, totalling 9,711 birds, the ministry says. In the hunting zone where the island of Montreal is located, the …Add a small amount of olive oil to the pan and allow it to heat up. Carefully place the beef tenderloin in the hot pan, using tongs to avoid splattering hot oil. Sear the tenderloin for 2-3 minutes on each side, or until a deep, golden-brown crust forms. For added flavor, consider adding garlic and fresh herbs to the pan …First and foremost, the claim that flour helps the meat sear with a better taste is, according to experts, somewhat questionable. The reason that people sear meat before tossing it into a slow cooker in the first place is to get the complex flavor from what's called the Maillard Reaction. Broken down into simple terms, …What searing or browning your soon-to-be-slow-cooked meat will do is speed up the cooking time and can give it a nice caramelized flavor. "The caramelized surface of the meat will lend rich flavor and color to the finished dish," Southern Living test kitchen director Robby Melvin said. Dusting the meat with a little flour before searing will ...Season the prime rib early. Season the rib roast right after removing it from the fridge. This seasoning will draw some moisture from the exterior, making for a better sear in the oven. Oven sear the roast for 15 minutes at 500°F. Put the prepared roast in the hot oven and roast for 15 minutes.Nov 9, 2023 · Cheapest Pellet Grill for Searing: Z Grills 700D3. Best Portable Pellet Grill for Searing: Traeger Pro 780. Most Versatile Pellet Searing Grill: Weber SmokeFire EX4 (2nd Gen) Searing Pellet Grill Best for Meat Flavor: Weber SmokeFire EX4 (2nd Gen) Easiest-to-Maintain Pellet Grill for Searing: Camp Chef Woodwind 36. Editor's Choice. For meat eaters, few things are better than a perfectly cooked steak. And like any food, cooking steak comes with tricks and pitfalls for achieving that perfect medium rare.. You …Sear. Place your steak in the pan, seasoned side down, and then season the side of the steak that is facing upward. Do not move the steak until you are ready to flip it over to cook the other side. If your steak is about 1" thick, cook the first side for 3-4 minutes. If it is 1½" thick, let it cook for about 5 minutes (for …2. Move the steak to a plate and heat the cast iron pan on a stovetop. Add the neutral oil. When a drop of water shimmers on the oil, add the steak. Flip it so all of the sides are seared for about 45 seconds to 1 minute each. Add the butter when removing the cast iron pan from the heat and flip the steak to coat it.Heat the oil in the baking pan on top of the stove over medium-high heat for one minute. Generously sprinkle salt and pepper over all sides of the roast. Lay the roast in the hot oil, fat side down. Leave the roast untouched for two to three minutes or until the fat begins to melt and the bottom is browned. Turn the roast over with …Jan 10, 2024 · Remove excess moisture — pat down meat with a paper towel to remove surface moisture to avoid steaming instead of browning. Either salt an hour before or more, or directly before searing, and not in between. Salt on meat for a short time pulls the moisture from inside the meat, and it doesn’t get time to re-absorb. Feb 5, 2021 · MEAT MASTERPIECES & MORE – This torch lighter is ideal for searing sous vide steaks, glazing a baked ham and caramelizing ribs. Why stop short when you can also roast bell peppers, caramelize sugars, melt cheese or finish off that sweet dessert you’ve always wanted. Instructions. Season and sear the steak. Set a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add olive oil to the skillet. Meanwhile, season the steak liberally with salt and pepper on both sides. Once the oil is hot, seer the steak medallions for about 3 minutes on each side, depending on your desired level of doneness. This item: KOOC 10-in-1 Electric Dutch Oven, 6-Quart White, Slow Cook, Braise, Meat Stew, Sear/Sauté, Enameled Cast Iron with Self-Basting Lid, 1500W $159.99 $ 159 . 99 Get it as soon as Thursday, Jan 25Jan 10, 2022 · Preheat skillet to medium-high for 5-10 minutes until pan is very hot. Salt both sides of roast generously with salt. Add oil to skillet and swirl to coat pan. Add roast and let sit undisturbed for about 3 minutes or until golden brown. Flip to the other side for another 3 minutes or until golden brown. Sear the Beef Roast. Once the pan is hot, carefully place the seasoned beef roast in the pan. Allow the roast to sear undisturbed for a few minutes until a golden-brown crust forms on the bottom. Use tongs to flip the roast and sear the other side. Searing the roast on all sides will lock in the juices and create a …First, I believe the Bernzomatic TS8000 is the best torch for searing sous vide dishes. It is relatively easy to use and provides more heat than the other options which will allow you to sear dishes quicker. Another reason for selecting the TS8000 torch is because it is the one recommended to be used with the Searzall.The other main reason people sear meat in flour is to preemptively thicken the sauce or broth before cooking. While this can be helpful in thickening the texture without having to make a roux, it ...Apr 30, 2016 · Prepare a baking sheet pan by lining with heavy duty foil and place a cooling rack in the pan to elevate the roast during the cook to allow for adequate air circulation around all sides of the meat. • Remove roast from the refrigerator and pat dry any surface moisture. Sprinkle pepper around all sides of the meat. You probably know that slicing meat against the grain makes sure it’s never chewy or difficult to eat. America’s Test Kitchen put that rule to the test, with some so-called “tough”...Beyond Meat News: This is the News-site for the company Beyond Meat on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksTo sear a cut of meat, reach for a cast iron, carbon steel, or stainless steel skillet. You want a thick-walled, heavy-bottomed cooking vessel, and you want it hot—ideally, preheated over medium-high heat for 5 minutes—so that it accumulates plenty of heat to transfer to the meat during the searing.The Best Meats to Pan-Sear. Most quick-cooking meats are ideal for pan-searing. You can start with a pan-sear to create additional flavor on the crust and finish with a braise …May 10, 2021 · Instructions. Season the steak generously with salt and pepper. Add the oil to a large frying pan over high heat and heat up until it begins to lightly smoke. Place in the steaks, turn the heat down to medium-high, and add in the butter, garlic, and thyme. Preheat your air fryer at 400ºF for 3 minutes. If using garlic, place them at the bottom of the basket before preheating. Microwave the butter for 20 seconds, then another 20 seconds, or until melted. Brush the steak down with butter, then place in the basket as close to the top as possible.Directions. Place prime rib roast on a plate and bring to room temperature, 2 to 4 hours. Dotdash Meredith Food Studios. Preheat the oven to 500 degrees F (260 degrees C). Combine butter, pepper, and herbes de Provence in a bowl; mix until well blended. Spread butter mixture evenly over entire roast.Aug 30, 2023 · Searing at this stage results in a clean, hard sear. Within three or four minutes the salt, through the process of osmosis, will begin to draw out liquid from the beef. This liquid beads up on the surface of the meat. Try to sear at this point and you waste valuable heat energy simply evaporating this large amount of pooled liquid. Heat a cast-iron skillet with your preferred high-temp cooking fat (ghee, butter, tallow, avocado oil, etc.) When the skillet is roaring hot, sear your steaks for about three minutes per side. When steaks reach an internal temperature of 125°F, set the steaks aside to rest for eight minutes or more. It’s that easy.Better Browning . The reason you want to get a good sear on meat is exclusively for the sake of flavor. When that browning occurs, it is a "Maillard reaction."This reaction is crucial to creating depth of flavor for all kinds of ingredients, says Angelo Competiello, a chef and restauranteur.The crisp crust on a loaf of bread and the sweet …

The final step in most sous vide recipes is to "finish" off the surface of the protein. This might include making chicken or fish skin crispy or creating the Maillard reaction on a piece of meat to get that dark, crunchy, flavorful crust. This usually entails searing, using one of several methods covered in this guide to searing sous vide foods. . Rv long term parks

meat sear

May 5, 2009 · There are several reasons to flour meat: To create a crispy and flavorful crust: Flouring meat before cooking can create a crispy and flavorful crust when the meat is fried or baked. This can add texture and flavor to the dish. To help the seasoning stick: Flouring meat can help seasonings and spices stick to the meat's surface, enhancing the ... Instructions. Season the steak generously with salt and pepper. Add the oil to a large frying pan over high heat and heat up until it begins to lightly smoke. Place in the steaks, turn the heat down to medium-high, and add in the butter, garlic, and thyme.Here are our sous vide torch reviews. 1. Bernzomatic TS8000. The Bernzomatic TS8000 is highly endorsed by professional sous vide chefs everywhere, and often regarded as the best torch one can own. It has some incredibly impressive and noteworthy features like: Auto start/stop ignition.Reverse Sear Steak. Preheat your oven and place a wire cooling rack over a baking sheet. Place the steak over the wire rack and season both sides. Add to the oven and bake for 15 minutes to sear the beef and cook it to a temperature of 90°F. Place your cast-iron skillet in the oven to heat it while the meat sears.May 5, 2009 · There are several reasons to flour meat: To create a crispy and flavorful crust: Flouring meat before cooking can create a crispy and flavorful crust when the meat is fried or baked. This can add texture and flavor to the dish. To help the seasoning stick: Flouring meat can help seasonings and spices stick to the meat's surface, enhancing the ... Set Steaks Out: Pull the steaks out of the refrigerator about 20-30 minutes before cooking and let rest on counter. Preheat Oven: Preheat oven to 400°F. Season Steaks: Pat steaks dry on both sides. Then, season generously with steak seasoning on all sides, rubbing it in with your fingers.Insert a probe thermometer horizontally through the side of the steak and roast the steak until it reaches an internal temperature of 120 degrees F, about 30 minutes (see Cook's Note). Remove the ...To reverse sear a steak, slow cook the steak at 200 to 275 degrees Fahrenheit, in the oven, until it reaches an internal temperature of about 10 to 15 degrees below the end temperature you're aiming for (so, for example, 140 degrees Fahrenheit for a medium rare steak). Then, sear your steak like normal.The reverse sear method is a simple cooking technique that involves searing meat after it has been cooked slowly at a lower temperature. This method produces tender, juicy beef that is not dry or overcooked. Reverse searing also allows for better caramelization of the exterior of the meat, resulting in a delicious crust when cooked in …When it comes to cooking a mouthwatering steak, nothing beats the perfect pan-seared filet mignon. This classic dish is known for its tender and juicy texture, as well as its rich ...Step 3 – Sear Over High Heat. While the meat is almost done cooking in the oven, barbecue or pellet grill, preheat a cast iron skillet on high heat. You want it to get it really hot. Add some grass fed butter to the skillet and then add the meat. Sear each side in the skillet for about 45 seconds per side.Measure out 1 tablespoon unsalted butter. Have 1 fresh rosemary sprig or 2 fresh thyme sprigs ready. Heat 2 teaspoons vegetable oil in a medium frying pan or cast iron skillet over high heat until just starting to smoke. Meanwhile, pat 1 ribeye steak dry with paper towels. Season all over with 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt.25 Jun 2014 ... Reverse Seared steak! Reverse sear steak for the perfect, uniform medium rare finish top to bottom.In a large Dutch oven, heat oil over medium-high heat until shimmering. Season beef all over with salt and pepper and add to Dutch oven. Cook, turning occasionally, until beef is well browned on 2 sides, about 10 minutes. Transfer beef to a rimmed baking sheet or large plate and set aside.Admittedly, searing isn’t strictly necessary for the cooking process. Technically speaking. The meat will cook just fine without searing. (And any surface bacteria will die during cooking anyway.) But I really believe that the depth and complexity of flavor we gain in this searing step is well-worth the extra effort.Sear. Place your steak in the pan, seasoned side down, and then season the side of the steak that is facing upward. Do not move the steak until you are ready to flip it over to cook the other side. If your steak is about 1" thick, cook the first side for 3-4 minutes. If it is 1½" thick, let it cook for about 5 minutes (for …REVERSE SEAR STEAK METHOD RECAP. Step 1: Thick Cut Steak. Step 2: Salt brine 2 to 24 hours in advance of cooking. Step 3: Let steak sit 2 hours at room temperature in ….

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